1. Biological Bases of Behaviour

The biological bases of behaviour explore how physiological processes influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions. This includes the study of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves), the endocrine system (hormones), and genetics. Understanding how neurotransmitters, brain structures, and genetic predispositions affect behaviour is fundamental to psychobiology and neuropsychology.

2. Cultural Bases of Behaviour

Cultural bases of behaviour examine how societal norms, values, beliefs, and practices shape human actions and mental processes. Culture influences everything from communication styles and social etiquette to perceptions of self and others. Cross-cultural psychology investigates similarities and differences in behaviour across various cultures, highlighting the significant role of culture in shaping our understanding of the world.

3. Sensory and Perceptual Processes

Sensory processes involve the detection of stimuli from the environment by our sensory organs (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell). Perceptual processes involve the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to represent and understand the environment. Psychology studies how we perceive the world, including factors like attention, gestalt principles, depth perception, and the constructive nature of perception.